I attempt to explain Plato's choice of dialogue through an analysis of what he regarded as the conditions of knowledge acquisition. I see the main contribution of the paper in exposing the way in which time and pain are, for Plato, conditions of knowledge acquisition. Plato endorsed the "learning through suffering," or pathei mathos, convention, central to Greek drama, and did so not through theory but through the praxis some of the dialogues employ. This addition of experiential components to the more cognitively oriented definitions of knowledge that Socrates uses complicates what these works may say about human knowledge. I analyze these tensions and the bearing they may have on the question of Plato's choice of dialogue, that is, on his rhetoric in practice. The requirements for actual persuasion, as Plato specifies them in the Seventh Letter,, are only partially met by the fictional scenes of argumentation and knowledge conveying that Plato presents. However, such scenes permit transcending some of the limitations of written, systematic, nonpersonal discourse. The presentation of such interactions to a real reader through dialogue turns into a mode of writing that is closer to meeting the demands of actual communication of knowledge - at least knowledge regarding what Plato envisaged as being the highest sort of epistemic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]Copyright of Metaphilosophy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
The fractal properties of the total potential energy V as a function of time t are studied for a number of systems, including realistic models of proteins (pancreatic polypeptide, bovine pancreatic trypsine inhibitor, and myoglobin). The fractal dimension of-V(t), characterized by the exponent gamma, is almost independent of temperature, and increases with time, more slowly the larger the protein. Perhaps the most striking observation of this study is the apparent universality of the fractal dimension, which depends only weakly on the type of molecular system. We explain this behavior by assuming that fractality is caused by a self-generated dynamical noise, a consequence of intermode coupling due to anharmonicity. Global topological features of the potential energy landscape are found to have little effect on the observed fractal behavior. [S1063-651X(99)11402-8].
The present invention relates to a gel compn. useful for skin care and protection comprising up to 80 % wt./wt. Dead Sea water, hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic active agents, solubilizers, gelling agents or viscosity modifiers and water to complete up to 100 %. Preferably, the compn. is a clear liq. gel. In the compn. of the present invention the hydrophobic active agents may be vegetable oils, free fatty acids or vitamins, or any combination thereof and the hydrophilic active agent may be humectants, α-hydroxy acids, anti irritant agents, plant exts., moisturizing agents or hydrolyzed plant proteins or any combination thereof. The gel may further comprise antioxidants and fragrances. A compn. contained Dead Sea water 75.0, oleth 20 3.0, glycereth 26 2.0, hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.8, tocopheryl acetate 0.3, lavender oil 0.3, BHA 0.1 and deionized water to 100%. [on SciFinder(R)]
L-90 cells were selected to grow in the presence of serum lipoproteins and 90 microM lovastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). L-90 cells massively accumulate HMGR, a result of >10-fold amplification of the gene and 40-fold rise in mRNA, and also overexpress other enzymes of the mevalonate pathway. Western blot and promoter-luciferase analyses indicate that transcriptional regulation of sterol-responsive genes by 25-hydroxycholesterol or mevalonate is normal. Yet, none of these genes is regulated by lipoproteins, a result of severe impairment in the low density lipoprotein receptor pathway. Moreover, L-90 cells do not accelerate the degradation of HMGR or transfected HMGal chimera in response to 25-hydroxycholesterol or mevalonate. This aberrant phenotype persists when cells are grown without lovastatin for up to 37 days. The inability to regulate HMGR degradation is not due to its overproduction since in LP-90 cells, which were selected for lovastatin resistance in lipoprotein-deficient serum, HMGR is overexpressed, yet its turnover is regulated normally. Also, the rapid degradation of transfected alpha subunit of T cell receptor is markedly retarded in L-90 cells. These results show that in addition to gene amplification and overexpression of cholesterogenic enzymes, statin resistance can follow loss of regulated HMGR degradation.
Why do some quite complex events appear to be built up from seemingly independent elementary events? It is, of course, fortunate that this is so, for otherwise, it would be hard to analyze the world around us. But the technical question remains. It is here argued that a sufficient condition is that the possible complex events all have the same sum(s) for (one or more) additive variable(s). Constants of the motion are one example of such variables. In addition, it is shown that the independent distribution of the elementary events is one of maximal entropy. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An improved approximation to the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is developed by correcting the time-dependent self-consistent field ansatz with a Jastrow prefactor defined via a set of variationally determined time-dependent parameters and a linearly independent set of prespecified spatial functions. The method is applicable in any number of dimensions, conserves norm and energy, is without parametric singularities, possesses an internal estimate of the accuracy, and has computational costs that scale algebraically with the number of degrees of freedom. The new formalism is applied to a two-dimensional double well potential to demonstrate the improved accuracy of the method. An extension of the method to electronically nonadiabatic problems is also presented. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)01616-5].
There is no denying the political and secular rather than religious nature of the Parisian Fronde of 1648-52, but religious symbols and vocabulary were nevertheless recruited by the rival camps that confronted each other during the civil war. Between 1649 and 1652, more than fifty Parisian Mazarinades invoked saints, angels, and hermits, imploring these divine protectors to save the city from Mazarin and to reunite the city with its God. Patron saints of Paris and of France were also implored in public processions of penance and in communal invocations. Examining these Mazarinades, as well as some devotional public rituals that took place in the city during these years, the article addresses the mobilization of religious sentiments during the Fronde. It argues that for contemporary Parisians, some Mazarinades were assumed to address issues that were both religious and political. The use of religious lexicon and rituals by the Frondeurs had a nostalgic component; it was an attempt to r
We demonstrate the fabrication and characterization of LED device based on self-assembled films of (PVPy/SPS) where PVPy stands for Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) with additional transport layers such as poly-vinyl-carbazole (PVK) and 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tertbutyphenyl) -1,3,4-oxidiazole (PBD). The self-assembly is based on the electrostatic interaction; the charge on PVPy is generated by the protonation process. The EL properties of the device ITO/PVK/(PVPy/SPS)/Al and ITO/(PVPy/SPS)/PBD/Al are measured and discussed.
