@article {10148,
	title = {Three-dimensional structure of human lamellar bone- The presence of two different materials and new insights into the hierarchical organization},
	journal = {BONE},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {93-104},
	abstract = {Lamellar bone is the most common bone type in humans. The predominant components of individual lamellae are plywood-like arrays of mineralized collagen fibrils aligned in different directions. Using a dual-beam electron microscope and the Serial Surface View (SSV) method we previously identified a small, but significantly different layer in rat lamellar bone, namely a disordered layer with collagen fibrils showing little or no preferred orientation. Here we present a 3D structural analysis of 12 SSV volumes (25 complete lamellae) from femora of 3 differently aged human individuals. We identify the ordered and disordered motifs in human bone as in the rat, with several significant differences. The ordered motif shows two major preferred orientations, perpendicular to the long axis of the bone, and aligned within 10-20 degrees of the long axis, as well as fanning arrays. At a higher organizational level, arrays of ordered collagen fibrils are organized into {\textquoteright}rods{\textquoteright} around 2 to 3 mu m in diameter, and the long axes of these {\textquoteright}rods{\textquoteright} are parallel to the lamellar boundaries. Human bone also contains a disordered component that envelopes the rods and fills in the spaces between them. The disordered motif is especially well-defined between adjacent layers of rods. The disordered motif and its interfibrillar substance stain heavily with osmium tetroxide and Alcian blue indicating the presence of another organic component in addition to collagen. The canalicular network is confined to the disordered material, along with voids and individual collagen fibrils, some of which are also aligned more or less perpendicular to the lamellar boundaries. The organization of the ordered fibril arrays into rods enveloped in the continuous disordered structure was not observed in rat lamellar bone. We thus conclude that human lamellar bone is comprised of two distinct materials, an ordered material and a disordered material, and contains an additional hierarchical level of organization composed of arrays of ordered collagen fibrils, referred to as rods. This new structural information on human lamellar bone will improve our understanding of structure-mechanical function relations, mechanisms of mechano-sensing and the characterizations of bone pathologies. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S8756328213004353},
	author = {Reznikov, Natalie and Ron Shahar and Weiner, Steve}
}
