@article {10218,
	title = {Structural and functional anatomy of the neck musculature of the dog (Canis familiaris)},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF ANATOMY},
	volume = {208},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {331-351},
	abstract = {The\&nbsp;morphometric properties and\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;anatomical relationships\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;entire\&nbsp;musculature\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;canine cervical spine are reported herein. These data were obtained from\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;dissection\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;cadavers\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;six dogs. Total muscle length, muscle weight, fascicle length and angles\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;pennation were recorded for each muscle comprising\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;canine cervical spine. Based upon these properties, physiological cross-section area (PCSA) and architectural index were estimated. When scaled by whole body mass,\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;values\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;each\&nbsp;ofthese parameters were found to be similar between all dogs. Muscles that course from\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;cranial\&nbsp;neck\&nbsp;tothe\&nbsp;shoulder girdle or\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;rib cage (e.g. brachiocephalicus and rhomboideus capitis) were found to have relatively long fascicles and low PCSA values and thus appear to be designed for rapid excursions. By contrast, muscles that primarily support\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;neck\&nbsp;and shoulder against gravitational forces (e.g. serratus ventralis and trapezius) were found to have relatively high PCSA values and short fascicle lengths, and thus have\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;capacity to generate large forces. Differences\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;morphometry as well as nomenclature were found between\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;canine and human\&nbsp;neck\&nbsp;musculature. Nevertheless, many similarities exist; in particular, both species have similar muscles adapted to force generation or large excursions. We thus conclude that\&nbsp;thecanine\&nbsp;neck\&nbsp;may be used as a modelling tool for biomechanical investigations\&nbsp;of\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;human cervical region as long as\&nbsp;the\&nbsp;differences listed are borne in mind.},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00533.x/abstract},
	author = {Sharir, A. and Milgram, J. and Shahar, R.}
}
