Osmotic stress data

This page includes osmotic pressure, osmolality and water activity data of aqueous solutions measured in our lab and others.

Confused about units of osmotic pressure and their conversion? Try using our osmotic calculator-converter here.

Mono and disaccharides

Fructose

Fructose osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius
Osmolal = 0.01059*m^3 - 0.03173*m^2 + 1.02147*m

References
Unpublished data measured using a VAPRO 5520 Wescor osmometer. Please cite: https://scholars.huji.ac.il/danielharries/book/osmotic-stress-data.

Molality	Osmolality
0.08702	0.087
0.13846	0.137
0.25132	0.248
0.26179	0.254
0.48056	0.48
0.52441	0.53167
0.70922	0.712
0.78489	0.799
0.95416	0.95767
1.06059	1.06967
1.21425	1.209
1.32562	1.32
1.47786	1.47167
1.56531	1.5615
1.77691	1.77067
1.83593	1.82367
2	2.01933
2.03483	2.02933

Galactose

Galactose water activity and osmotic pressure

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

Olgenblum, Gil I., Neta Carmon, and Daniel Harries. "Not always sticky: Specificity of protein stabilization by sugars is conferred by protein–water hydrogen bonds." Journal of the American Chemical Society 145, no. 42 (2023): 23308-23320. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c08702.

1) Galactose water activity and its temperature dependance

molality	15°C	20°C	25°C	45°C
0.30271	0.995	0.995	0.9941	0.995
0.60315	0.9891	0.9896	0.9887	0.9887
0.89884	0.9835	0.9843	0.9839	0.9842
1.20129	0.977	0.9779	0.9778	0.9792
1.50826	0.9706	0.9725	0.9723	0.9736
1.80669	0.9649	0.9675	0.9672	0.9676
2.09971	0.9586	0.9607	0.962	0.9618
2.40341	0.9536	0.95535	0.9562	0.9564

2) Galactose osmotic pressure

molality	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.303	0.299
0.603	0.607
0.899	0.905
1.201	1.213
1.508	1.516
1.807	1.811
2.01	2.146

Glucose

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

1) Glucose water activity and its temperature dependance

Measured using a AquaLab 4TE Dew pointWater Activity Meter.

molal	15°C	25°C	45°C
0.59902	0.99	0.989	0.9898
1.20166	0.977	0.9786	0.979
1.80089	0.9662	0.9684	0.967
2.39899	0.9527	0.957	0.9554
2.99517	0.9418	0.9441	0.9425
3.5745	0.9302	0.932	0.9315
4.19736	0.9192	0.92	0.919
4.78534	0.9084	0.9065	0.905

2) Glucose osmotic pressure

Measured using a VAPRO 5520 Wescor osmometer.

molality	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.246	0.243
0.493	0.495
0.74	0.751
0.982	0.987
1.251	1.25
1.502	1.505
1.78	1.789
2.053	2.046

3) Glucose osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

Osm = -0.00387*m^3 + 0.01766*m^2 + 0.99500*m

Unpublished data measured using a VAPRO 5520 Wescor osmometer.

Molality	Osmolality
0.08582	0.08333
0.13655	0.135
0.14948	0.146
0.19161	0.186
0.24568	0.24067
0.24808	0.23633
0.24928	0.24233
0.27879	0.27367
0.38785	0.385
0.46696	0.4745
0.49975	0.49933
0.50421	0.511
0.50668	0.51033
0.69397	0.7
0.75605	0.774
0.77874	0.78833
0.82951	0.82733
0.94189	0.948
1.00376	1.01767
1.01348	1.02867
1.1937	1.19967
1.24775	1.26333
1.26097	1.27733
1.47712	1.482
1.49286	1.51667
1.51236	1.534
1.76153	1.77
1.76395	1.79
1.76929	1.80033
2	2.03333
2.0007	2.034

Sorbitol

Sorbitol water activity and osmotic pressure

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

1) Sorbitol water activity and its temperature dependance

molal	15°C	25°C	45°C
0.59885	0.989	0.9892	0.9893
1.20087	0.978	0.9788	0.9794
1.80492	0.967	0.9685	0.9687
2.39694	0.958	0.9574	0.9575
3.01027	0.946	0.9462	0.9459
3.58469	0.936	0.9349	0.9338
4.16801	0.9233	0.9237	0.923
4.79054	0.9124	0.9112	0.9101

2) Sorbitol osmotic pressure

molality	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.3	0.294
0.599	0.593
0.904	0.894
1.201	1.18
1.37	1.338
1.805	1.762
2.094	2.045
1.603	1.788

Sucrose

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

1) Sucrose water activity and its temperature dependance

molal	15°C	20°C	25°C	45°C
0.6001	0.9885	0.9887	0.9893	1.19623
1.19623	0.9743	0.9762	0.9778	0.9785
1.79731	0.9599	0.9626	0.9648	0.96455
2.39314	0.9451	0.9483	0.9498	0.95073
2.99876	0.9292	0.9323	0.9336	0.93423
3.60608	0.9126	0.9156	0.9173	0.91957
4.19794	0.8968	0.8996	0.9005	0.90352
4.79726	0.8778	0.881	0.8833	0.8866

2) Sucrose osmotic pressure

molality	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.1	0.0963
0.3	0.305
0.497	0.519
0.75	0.798
1.004	1.073
1.251	1.356
1.499	1.648

3) Sucrose osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

Osm = -0.016090*m^3 + 0.09970*m^2 + 0.99822*m

Unpublished data measured using a VAPRO 5520 Wescor osmometer. Cite: https://scholars.huji.ac.il/danielharries/book/osmotic-stress-data.

Molality	Osmolality
0.15011	0.15133
0.24808	0.24833
0.24956	0.249
0.30046	0.3035
0.45588	0.472
0.49684	0.527
0.50285	0.53533
0.52256	0.54467
0.66083	0.7035
0.74766	0.80033
0.75119	0.80467
0.9933	1.07067
1.00639	1.08533
1.0349	1.112
1.10024	1.197
1.23114	1.34767
1.25296	1.36667
1.27447	1.4025
1.41315	1.56433
1.48868	1.65
1.54362	1.726
1.70697	1.933
1.9207	2.16267
2	2.26733
2.03382	2.28867
2.04492	2.3365

Trehalose

Trehalose osmotic pressure and its temperature dependance

1) Trehalose osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

a - https://doi.org/10.1021/bi992887l Osmolality was aquired from figure 1 using the Origin Digitizer tool.
b - https://doi.org/10.1021/jp109780n Part of this data appears in figure S2 in the form of an osmotic coefficient.
c - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.047 From figure 9.
d - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c08702 Osmolality was calculated from the water activity data in table S11.

Courtenay et al.^a		Sapir et al.^b		Poplinger et al.^c		Olgenblum et al.^d
[molality], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal	[molality], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal	[molality], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal	[molality], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.060	0.046	0.199	0.200	0.041	0.041	0.301	0.306
0.083	0.079	0.395	0.416	0.064	0.064	0.599	0.631
0.121	0.121	0.590	0.633	0.085	0.083	0.899	0.964
0.150	0.144	0.681	0.744	0.109	0.105	1.200	1.315
0.166	0.164	0.905	1.002	0.163	0.163	1.502	1.635
0.191	0.185	1.066	1.202	0.205	0.209	1.801	2.025
0.208	0.213	1.174	1.307	0.349	0.360	2.097	2.442
0.256	0.255	1.242	1.392	0.401	0.424
0.320	0.323	1.466	1.674	0.522	0.543
0.345	0.355	1.659	1.893	0.608	0.643
0.366	0.375	1.782	2.076	0.748	0.802
0.407	0.417	1.938	2.250	0.849	0.919
0.438	0.437	2.186	2.562	1.011	1.078
0.438	0.469	2.397	2.830	1.110	1.214
0.486	0.524			1.334	1.477
0.559	0.574			1.561	1.771
0.559	0.619			1.639	1.856
0.602	0.654			1.910	2.141
				1.910	2.171

Trehalose plot

The black dashed line corresponds to a quadratic fit to all four data sets, Osm=0.0652m^2+1.0244m.

2) Trehalose osmotic pressure vs. molality at different temperatures

Olgenblum et al.^d
[trehalose], mol/kg	15⁰C	20⁰C	25⁰C	45⁰C
0.301	0.334	0.323	0.306	0.313
0.599	0.654	0.614	0.631	0.595
0.899	1.009	0.998	0.964	0.880
1.200	1.407	1.264	1.315	1.231
1.502	1.853	1.715	1.635	1.581
1.801	2.251	2.146	2.025	1.972
2.097	2.669	2.506	2.442	2.414

fig4d_02

Fitted lines correspond to the following quadratic terms:

15 degrees: Osmolal = 1.042m + 0.113m^2
20 degrees: Osmolal = 0.974m + 0.109m^2
25 degrees: Osmolal = 0.991m + 0.079m^2
45 degrees: Osmolal = 0.879m + 0.125m^2

Organic solutes

Choline chloride

Choline chloride osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

Reference

Please use the following references when using this data.

Shumilin, Ilan, Ahmad Tanbuz, and Daniel Harries. "Deep Eutectic Solvents for Efficient Drug Solvation: Optimizing Composition and Ratio for Solubility of β-Cyclodextrin." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 5 (2023): 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051462.

Shumilin et al
molality, mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.992	1.721
1.993	3.408
4.005	7.596
5.990	12.640
7.843	17.904
9.731	23.464
14.591	38.099
20.180	53.945
23.182	61.702

This data set is adequately captured by the cubic fit:
Osmolal = -0.00291*m^3 + 0.11547*m^2 + 1.54144*m

Glycerol

Glycerol water activity and osmotic pressure

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

1) Glycerol water activity and its temperature dependance

Olgenblum et al.
molal	activity, 15°C	activity, 25°C	activity, 45°C
1.22127	0.9778	0.9777	0.9785
1.80121	0.9678	0.9673	0.9679
2.41994	0.9566	0.957	0.9572
2.95261	0.947	0.9483	0.9488
3.54414	0.9363	0.9368	0.939
4.21888	0.9256	0.9258	0.9264
4.74722	0.9151	0.9158	0.9184

2) Glycerol osmotic pressure

Olgenblum et al.
molality	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.28	0.2783
0.6	0.612
0.921	0.924
1.221	1.246
1.516	1.502
1.801	1.802
2.1	2.063

Glycine Betaine

Glycine Betaine osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

References

Please cite the following references when using this data:

Shakhman, Yuri, and Daniel Harries. "How glycine betaine modifies lipid membrane interactions." ChemSystemsChem 3, no. 5 (2021): e2100010. https://doi.org/10.1002/syst.202100010.

Osmotic pressure was measured using VAPRO 5520 Wescor osmometer.

Shakhman et al
[molality], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.009	0.001
0.019	0.011
0.100	0.099
0.111	0.098
0.201	0.199
0.213	0.199
0.301	0.314
0.306	0.308
0.399	0.426
0.407	0.422
0.504	0.546
0.505	0.534
0.701	0.782
0.703	0.763
0.844	0.934
0.850	0.955
0.991	1.115
0.995	1.132
1.208	1.394
1.466	1.725
1.503	1.785
1.753	2.112
1.966	2.375
1.999	2.398
2.479	3.359
2.498	3.145

The osmolality in this concentration range fits the following quadratic polynom: Osmolality=0.117*m^2 + 1.003*m.

The molality of betaine in water can be estimated from the refractive index at 25 degrees Celsius according to the following term:

[Betaine], mol/kg = 496.892*RI^2 - 1266.500*RI + 805.356

TMAO

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) osmotic pressure at 25 degrees Celsius

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

a - Sukenik, Shahar, Shaked Dunsky, Avishai Barnoy, Ilan Shumilin, and Daniel Harries. “TMAO mediates effective attraction between lipid membranes by partitioning unevenly between bulk and lipid domain.” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19 (2017): 29862-29871.

b - Shakhman, Yuri, Ilan Shumilin, and Daniel Harries. "Urea counteracts trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) compaction of lipid membranes by modifying van der Waals interactions." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 629 (2023): 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.123.

Sukenik et al.^a		Shakhman et al.^b
[TMAO], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal	[TMAO], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.2	0.199	0.050	0.051
0.5	0.539	0.050	0.049
1	1.161	0.150	0.145
1.5	1.810	0.150	0.150
		0.250	0.252
		0.250	0.256
		0.301	0.306
		0.400	0.424
		0.400	0.422
		0.402	0.414
		0.550	0.601
		0.550	0.594
		0.700	0.780
		0.700	0.774
		0.850	0.964
		0.850	0.959
		1.000	1.157
		1.000	1.149
		1.200	1.373

In this TMAO molal (m) concentration range, the following quadratic polynom adequately reproduces the osmotic pressure:

Osmolality = 0.1305*m^2 + 1.0121*m

Urea

Urea osmotic pressure vs. molality at different temperatures

Reference: Stokes, R. H. "Thermodynamics of aqueous urea solutions." Australian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 10 (1967): 2087-2100.https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9672087.

Robert Harold Stokes
molality, mol/kg	2⁰C	5⁰C	10⁰C	20⁰C	25⁰C	30⁰C	40⁰C
0.5	0.487	0.487	0.488	0.489	0.490	0.491	0.491
1	0.950	0.952	0.955	0.960	0.962	0.964	0.968
1.5	1.394	1.398	1.405	1.416	1.420	1.425	1.432
2	1.823	1.830	1.841	1.859	1.866	1.873	1.885
2.5	2.239	2.250	2.265	2.291	2.302	2.312	2.330
3	2.645	2.659	2.679	2.714	2.729	2.743	2.766
3.5	3.041	3.059	3.085	3.129	3.148	3.166	3.197
4	3.430	3.451	3.483	3.538	3.562	3.583	3.621
5	4.188	4.217	4.262	4.339	4.372	4.402	4.455
6	4.924	4.963	5.021	5.120	5.164	5.204	5.274
7	5.645	5.692	5.764	5.888	5.943	5.993	6.081
8	6.354	6.410	6.496	6.646	6.710	6.770	6.877
9		7.124	7.223	7.394	7.469	7.538	7.662
10		7.841	7.950	8.139	8.221	8.297	8.431
11				8.881	8.966	9.044	9.180
12				9.629	9.707	9.778	9.899

Urea osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

Reference: Shumilin, Ilan, Ahmad Tanbuz, and Daniel Harries. "Deep Eutectic Solvents for Efficient Drug Solvation: Optimizing Composition and Ratio for Solubility of β-Cyclodextrin." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 5 (2023): 1462. https://10.3390/pharmaceutics15051462.

Shumilin et al.
molality, mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.101	0.091
0.177	0.151
0.253	0.227
0.506	0.479
0.763	0.717
0.998	0.924
1.012	0.939
1.200	1.094
1.271	1.166
1.400	1.258
1.520	1.370
1.601	1.423
1.765	1.574
1.803	1.584
1.997	1.745
2.000	1.821
2.017	1.783
2.123	1.900
2.513	2.148
2.993	2.616
2.996	2.481
4.013	3.479
4.992	4.277
6.032	5.139
7.000	5.838
7.986	6.665
8.996	7.422
9.973	8.144
11.005	8.902
11.970	9.739

The data set is adequately captured by the quadratic fit:
Osmolal = -0.00711m^2 + 0.89132m.

Polymers

Others

PVP 10K

PVP Osmotic pressure data, (dynes/cm²) for PVP polymer solution (MW 10000).

Wt%	Log P (dynes/cm²)
2.5	6.53
5.0	6.55
7.5	6.67
10.0	6.73
12.5	6.79
15.0	6.85
17.5	6.92
20.0	6.97
22.5	7.02
25.0	7.09
27.5	7.13
30.0	7.22

The equation that fits the data is the following:
log P = 0.025 (wt%) + 6.468
Note: This equation should only be applied over the range of pressures measured.

PVA 20K

PVP Osmotic pressure data, (dynes/cm²) for POLYVINYLALCHOL (PVA) polymer solution (MW 10000).

Wt%	Log P (dynes/cm²)
2.0	6.39
4.0	6.42
6.0	6.45
8.0	6.47
10.0	6.49
12.0	6.51

The equation that fits the data is the following:
log P = -0.001 (wt%)² + 0.025 (wt%) + 6.327
Note: This equation should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

Polyethylene glycols

PEG300

polyethylene glycol MW 300

wt%     	log P (dynes/cm^2)

2.6		6.36
5.0		6.73
10.0		7.00
15.0		7.23
20.0		7.41
25.0		7.57
30.0		7.71

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 4.79, b = 1.28 and c = 0.24

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG400

PEG400 osmotic pressure and its temperature dependance

1) PEG400 osmotic pressure vs. molality at different temperatures

Please use the following reference when using this data.

Reference - https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.4573. Osmotic pressure was calculated from the water activity data in table S4.

Wt%	15 degrees C	20 degrees C	25 degrees C	35 degrees C	45 degrees C
5	3.69	3.74	3.65	3.70	3.71
10	8.55	8.52	8.17	8.24	8.23
15	14.9	14.7	13.8	13.9	13.8
20	23.2	22.6	21.0	21.0	21.0
25	34.0	32.8	30.2	30.0	30.0
30	48.1	45.9	42.0	41.5	41.2
35	66.7	63.1	57.3	56.4	55.6
40	91.9	86.3	77.7	76.2	74.8
45	125	117	104	102	99.6
50	172	159	141	137	133

2) PEG400 Osmotic pressure data (atm)

Reference - see Peter Rand.

PEG400 Osmotic pressure data (dyn/cm^2)

wt% log P (dynes/cm^2)

2.5 6.3
5 6.55
10 6.93
15 7.14
20 7.33
25 7.5
30 7.65

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c where a = 5.29, b = 0.73 and c = 0.34

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG600

polyethylene glycol MW 600

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

2.5		6.22
5.0		6.43
10.0		6.80
15.0		7.01
20.0		7.20
25.0		7.38
30.0		7.53
35.0		7.68	
5.0		6.15
10.0		6.72
15.0		6.96
20.0		7.13
25.0		7.30
30.4		7.42
35.2		7.57
40.5		7.64
45.0		7.92
61.5		8.35
67.5		8.49
45.0		7.92
40.0		7.80
5.0		6.34

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 5.63, b = 0.33 and c = 0.51

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG1000

polyethylene glycol MW 1000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

5.0		6.07
10.0		6.61
15.0		6.82
20.0		7.08
25.0		7.34
30.0		7.46
35.0		7.55
40.0		7.65
45.0		7.79
50.0		7.89
55.0		7.93
60.0		7.95	
2.5		6.11
5.0		6.27
10.0		6.54
15.0		6.86
20.0		7.05
25.0		7.26
30.0		7.43
35.0		7.58

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 4.87, b = 0.80 and c = 0.34

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG1500

polyethylene glycol MW 1500

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

5.0		5.92
10.0		6.49
15.0		6.78
20.0		6.89
25.0		7.27
30.0		7.41
35.0		7.38
40.0		7.60
45.0		7.63
50.0		7.83
60.0		8.03
5.0		6.18
10.0		6.52
15.0		6.76
20.0		6.97
25.0		7.18
30.0		7.36
35.0		7.53

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 3.72, b = 1.57 and c = 0.24

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG2000

polyethylene glycol MW 2000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

5.0		6.20
10.0		6.39
15.0		6.70
20.0		6.91
25.0		7.13
30.0		7.32
35.0		7.49
40.0		7.66	
9.9		6.32
15.0		6.60
20.0		6.95
25.0		7.09
30.0		7.28
34.7		7.40	
5.0		6.04
10.0		6.37
15.0		6.79
20.0		6.94	
10.0		6.38
20.0		6.90
30.0		7.32
40.0		7.66
5.0		6.15
5.0		6.14
15.0		6.66
15.0		6.65
15.0		6.63
15.0		6.68
25.0		7.1
25.0		7.11	
35.0		7.50	
35.0		7.51

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 5.60, b = 0.18 and c = 0.67

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG3000

polyethylene glycol MW 3000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

10.0		6.26
15.0		6.61
20.0		6.84
25.0		7.07
30.0		7.28
35.0		7.46

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 4.42, b = 0.74 and c = 0.40

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG4000

polyethylene glycol MW 4000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

5.0		5.98
10.0		6.29
15.0		6.64
20.0		6.86
25.0		7.11
30.0		7.23
35.0		7.40

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 4.93, b = 0.50 and c = 0.45

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG6000

polyethylene glycol MW 6000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

10.0		6.23
15.0		6.51
20.0		6.79
25.0		7.02
30.0		7.23
35.0		7.43

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 5.12, b = 0.28 and c = 0.59

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG8000 vs T

PEG 8000 Osmotic Pressure Data at various temperatures

PEG8000 Osmotic pressure data, (atm)

Wt%	10 degrees C	20 degrees C	30 degrees C	35 degrees C	40 degrees C
5	.445	.407	.385	.373	.367
10	1.63	1.44	1.31	1.25	1.19
15	3.95	3.43	3.08	2.89	2.74
20	7.91	6.78	6.04	5.66	5.33
25	14.1	12.0	10.7	10.0	9.43
30	23.3	19.9	17.6	16.6	15.6
35	36.7	31.3	27.8	26.1	24.7
40	56.7	48.2	42.9	40.4	38.3
45	85.8	72.5	64.5	60.8	57.8
50	126	106	94.3	89.2	84.8
54	173	144	127	121	115

peg8000.pdf

28 KB

PEG 10k

polyethylene glycol MW 10,000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

10.0		6.16
15.0		6.45
20.0		6.75
25.0		7.00
30.0		7.24
35.0		7.43

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 4.99, b = 0.29 and c = 0.60

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

PEG 20K

polyethylene glycol MW 20,000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

1.5		4.59
2.9		4.98
3.6		5.15
4.7		5.34
5.8		5.55
6.3		5.63
7.1		5.76
9.0		5.89
12.1		6.08
13.1		6.18
14.2		6.29
16.0		6.47
18.3		6.70
18.8		6.68
20.8		6.77
21.6		6.83
22.2		6.83
22.8		6.94
19.0		6.68
22.1		6.83
23.7		6.93
25.0		6.94
26.2		7.03
28.8		7.11
32.7		7.26
34.8		7.34
35.6		7.32
38.0		7.45
39.5		7.48
41.7		7.54
43.2		7.59
45.5		7.67
47.5		7.73

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 1.57, b = 2.75 and c = 0.21

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

polyethylene glycol MW 20,000
	At a Temperature of 7-8 degrees C

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

15.3		6.56
17.8		6.75
18.3		6.79
19.5		6.82
20.8		6.91
21.3		6.92
22.9		6.99
23.2		7.00
24.3		7.04

Me-PEG2000

METHYLATED polyethylene glycol MW 2000

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

10.3		6.48
15.1		6.72
24.8		7.20
35.5		7.45

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 1.34, b = 3.66 and c = 0.14

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

Polysaccharides

Dextran 10K

dextran 10,000 MW

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

14.7		5.92
20.8		6.18
23.4		6.38
30.2		6.59
34.2		6.85

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 4.52, b = 0.28 and c = 0.60

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

Dextrans 275-2000K

dextran 275,000 to 2,000,000 MW

wt%		log P (dynes/cm^2)

2.0		4.03
3.0		4.20
5.0		4.68
6.0		4.85
8.0		5.08
12.0		5.42
17.0		5.77
20.0		5.94
25.0		6.27
28.5		6.51
32.5		6.67
39.3		6.99
14.8		5.65
17.5		5.87
19.8		5.98
20.8		6.00
25.0		6.27	
28.6		6.41
30.5		6.54
32.2		6.62
35.7		6.77
5.6		4.71
9.0		5.07
16.5		5.73

An equation that fits this data is the following.

log P = a + b * (wt%) ^ c

where a = 2.48, b = 1.22 and c = 0.35

Note that it should be applied only over the range of pressures measured.

Salts

Calcium Chloride

CaCl2 osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

References

Please cite the following references when using this data:

a - Robinson, Robert Anthony, and Robert Harold Stokes. Electrolyte solutions. Courier Corporation, 2002.

b - Unpublished data measured using a VAPRO 5520 Wescor osmometer. Cite: https://scholars.huji.ac.il/danielharries/book/osmotic-stress-data.

Robinson & Stokes^a		this group^b
Molality	Osmotic Co	molal, mol/kg	osmolality
0.100	0.256	0.050	0.131
0.200	0.517	0.100	0.251
0.300	0.788	0.150	0.386
0.400	1.073	0.200	0.509
0.500	1.376	0.249	0.652
0.600	1.692	0.299	0.780
0.700	2.022	0.348	0.907
0.800	2.371	0.399	1.046
0.900	2.746	0.447	1.172
1.000	3.138	0.500	1.327
1.200	3.985
1.400	4.918
1.600	5.938
1.800	7.047
2.000	8.256
2.500	11.760
3.000	16.011
3.500	20.801
4.000	26.184
4.500	32.171
5.000	38.610
5.500	45.260
6.000	52.038

Sodium perchlorate

Sodium perchlorate osmotic pressure vs. molality at 25 degrees Celsius

Reference: Shumilin, Ilan, and Daniel Harries. "Enhanced solubilization in multi-component mixtures: Mechanism of synergistic amplification of cyclodextrin solubility by urea and inorganic salts." Journal of Molecular Liquids 380 (2023): 121760. https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9672087.

Shumilin et al.
molality, mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.100	0.212
0.200	0.377
0.251	0.456
0.251	0.449
0.299	0.526
0.400	0.650
0.497	0.851
0.498	0.898
0.498	0.890
0.597	1.032
0.699	1.243
0.751	1.354
0.751	1.318
0.800	1.488
0.900	1.585
0.992	1.818
1.003	1.749
1.003	1.775
1.248	2.144
1.248	2.181
1.468	2.467
1.468	2.625
1.493	2.705
1.667	2.791
1.667	2.976
1.999	3.698
2.001	3.522
2.001	3.645
2.498	4.641
2.983	5.665

Ternary solutions

TMAO + PEG 20K

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) + 20K Polyethylene Glycole (PEG) osmotic pressure at 25 degrees Celsius

References

Please cite the following references when using this data.

Sukenik, Shahar, Shaked Dunsky, Avishai Barnoy, Ilan Shumilin, and Daniel Harries. “TMAO mediates effective attraction between lipid membranes by partitioning unevenly between bulk and lipid domain.” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19 (2017): 29862-29871.

	[TMAO] (m) =>	0.2	0.5	1	1.5
	[PEG, 20K] (wt%)	P(mOsm)
	0	198.5	538.16667	1160.6	1809.4
	0.5	--	--	--	--
	1.5	--	--	--	--
	3	214.75	592.25	1185	1965.75
	6	253.75	657.5	1351.25	2163.25
	10	328.5	810.75	1530.25	2345
	16	--	--	--	--
	25	949	1752.66667	2756.5	--
fitting parameters for the functional form P=B0 + B1(Wt%)+ B2(Wt%)^2
B0	Value	199.19281	538.29764	1143.35194	1803.48611
B0	Standard Error	2.13191	5.52393	27.7354	22.77159
B1	Value	1.89199	12.38134	21.0872	61.94396
B1	Standard Error	0.50745	1.31484	6.60178	11.01607
B2	Value	1.12375	1.44814	1.73897	-0.74124
B2	Standard Error	0.01865	0.04832	0.24262	1.04188
Statistics	Adj. R-Square	0.99994	0.99984	0.99769	0.98982

Urea + choline chloride (Reline)

Urea + choline chloride osmotic pressure at 2:1 mole ratio and other ratios

1) Urea + choline chloride osmotic pressure at 2:1 (Reline) mole ratio and 25 degrees Celsius

We define Reline as two urea and one choline chloride molecules. When mixed together at this 2:1 (urea:cholinechloride mole ratio) ratio, they form a deep eutectic solvent, termed Reline. A 1mol/kg Reline solution contains 2 mol/kg urea and 1mol/kg choline chloride.

References

Please use the following reference when using this data.

Shumilin et al
molality, mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.203	0.544
0.422	1.287
0.428	1.374
0.428	1.334
0.953	3.059
0.960	2.952
0.962	2.927
1.647	5.040
1.649	5.247
1.650	5.182
2.555	8.171
2.559	7.980
2.568	8.086
3.821	12.324
3.847	12.603
3.873	12.682
5.757	19.158
5.781	19.388
5.783	19.485
8.787	29.954
9.011	30.589
9.012	30.488
11.572	38.143
15.304	49.673
15.332	49.499
15.368	47.205
16.377	50.126
17.499	53.130
18.751	56.666
20.160	59.050
21.757	62.801
23.579	66.106
25.683	70.069
28.135	74.475
31.032	77.851
34.506	81.680
34.624	86.986
34.651	87.101
38.747	88.430
44.047	94.288
50.848	102.674
59.902	110.068
72.544	117.885

The data set is adequately captured by the following cubic term:
Osmolal = 0.00023*m^3 - 0.04598*m^2 + 3.75984*m

2) Urea + choline chloride osmotic pressure at all ratios

References

Please use the following reference when using this data:

Shumilin et al.
[urea], mol/kg	[choline chloride], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.257	15.928	41.008
0.406	0.203	0.558
0.844	0.422	1.293
0.855	0.428	1.350
0.998	4.999	10.687
1.000	2.000	4.271
1.009	10.450	25.581
1.700	15.757	41.241
1.906	0.953	3.084
1.920	0.960	2.967
1.925	0.962	2.908
1.999	9.925	24.881
2.301	15.684	41.241
2.788	15.626	41.241
2.998	4.999	12.120
3.022	10.450	27.007
3.295	1.647	5.057
3.297	1.649	5.239
3.300	1.650	5.178
3.972	15.486	41.124
4.002	2.000	6.537
4.875	10.450	28.010
4.987	4.999	13.448
5.005	19.787	54.343
5.012	9.925	26.558
5.109	2.555	8.186
5.118	2.559	7.993
5.136	2.568	8.057
5.466	18.138	47.668
5.652	18.705	48.194
6.844	24.235	67.259
6.980	4.999	14.737
6.984	15.125	41.241
7.022	2.000	8.768
7.346	25.854	67.633
7.643	3.821	12.327
7.694	3.847	12.606
7.747	3.873	12.675
7.837	9.925	28.010
7.963	10.450	29.502
9.025	1.999	10.151
9.924	10.450	30.647
9.935	4.999	16.728
10.142	19.978	53.318
10.987	14.648	41.828
11.000	2.000	11.570
11.018	9.925	29.691
11.514	5.757	19.184
11.561	5.781	19.420
11.566	5.783	19.499
11.823	21.670	57.223
11.953	19.787	55.840
12.623	10.450	31.915
12.989	1.999	13.096
13.003	5.000	18.637
13.508	28.061	71.721
13.987	9.925	31.131
14.792	2.000	14.304
14.901	5.000	19.815
14.949	10.450	33.112
15.426	14.118	42.183
15.468	28.332	75.052
16.934	1.233	15.028
16.970	9.925	32.511
17.398	4.999	21.426
17.573	8.787	29.976
17.884	2.486	17.332
18.021	9.011	30.551
18.024	1.999	16.653
18.025	9.012	30.455
18.064	10.450	34.439
18.348	2.000	16.878
18.400	19.786	57.379
18.534	1.662	16.578
18.699	5.000	22.249
18.851	3.762	19.974
19.199	1.791	17.105
19.257	4.300	21.263
19.299	13.655	42.540
19.724	1.898	17.408
19.935	9.925	33.925
20.150	10.450	35.376
20.217	23.941	62.612
20.630	6.113	25.581
20.679	25.927	66.518
20.765	3.094	20.214
21.000	13.453	42.779
21.441	3.045	20.534
21.607	7.401	28.844
21.844	9.925	34.853
21.908	1.920	18.949
21.976	13.336	42.659
22.297	8.312	31.326
22.920	3.528	22.083
23.145	11.572	38.176
23.334	9.682	34.957
23.894	10.420	36.758
24.980	5.798	27.643
25.153	12.956	42.899
25.339	3.859	23.677
25.526	32.369	79.284
25.740	19.787	59.123
25.755	12.878	43.020
25.762	12.883	43.140
26.790	9.925	36.974
27.578	6.481	29.881
28.880	6.567	30.551
30.066	27.814	71.119
30.595	35.517	85.654
30.608	15.304	49.669
30.665	15.332	49.533
30.736	15.368	47.146
31.033	9.682	38.286
31.137	7.136	31.326
31.341	31.050	76.135
32.754	16.377	50.078
32.964	19.786	60.757
34.996	17.499	53.173
35.115	9.746	38.731
36.316	13.071	47.276
36.318	19.787	61.257
36.673	11.573	43.748
37.501	18.751	56.604
39.843	37.498	86.439
40.320	20.160	59.123
40.384	12.362	45.107
40.395	31.876	76.135
43.001	17.360	57.379
43.513	21.757	62.783
44.314	19.787	63.129
46.046	15.320	52.884
47.160	23.579	66.152
48.561	16.982	54.343
50.574	40.293	89.136
51.366	25.683	70.128
51.929	23.087	69.155
54.455	46.849	97.792
56.271	28.135	74.412
56.400	25.956	74.624
57.027	38.418	86.968
57.419	43.796	94.046
58.616	23.857	70.325
62.065	31.032	77.912
62.948	30.157	81.408
66.897	32.689	85.138
69.013	34.506	81.649
69.250	34.624	86.968
69.268	27.160	69.737
69.302	34.651	86.968
72.094	36.024	89.972
72.738	49.284	93.744
73.996	31.357	77.687
74.840	32.940	85.138
77.496	38.747	88.313
79.324	58.664	105.767
81.111	36.450	90.253
86.635	39.542	94.653
87.735	50.496	98.770
88.094	44.047	94.348
95.256	61.765	107.663
101.696	50.848	102.509
103.314	44.520	95.267
106.437	44.929	89.136
109.144	52.144	108.051
109.832	51.608	98.442
111.961	60.024	106.518
119.805	59.902	110.028
125.936	61.544	115.525
132.936	70.856	114.207
143.846	65.185	112.078
145.092	72.544	117.792
149.912	74.967	126.279
150.701	75.259	116.874
160.672	80.339	115.525
163.930	81.959	122.124
169.496	101.496	128.480
212.445	118.085	135.658
241.004	114.722	140.318
365.581	195.946	147.737
394.787	193.131	162.154
416.403	216.096	154.479
827.672	413.745	167.552
831.636	415.870	166.430
847.309	423.549	162.154
862.053	431.040	159.150

Urea + sodium perchlorate

Urea + NaClO₄osmotic pressure at 25 degrees Celsius

References

Please use the following reference when using this data.

Shumilin, Ilan, and Daniel Harries. "Enhanced solubilization in multi-component mixtures: Mechanism of synergistic amplification of cyclodextrin solubility by urea and inorganic salts." Journal of Molecular Liquids 380 (2023): 121760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121760.

Shumilin et al.
[urea], mol/kg	[NaClO₄], mol/kg	Osmolality, Osmolal
0.244	0.251	0.671
0.244	0.502	1.122
0.244	0.754	1.521
0.244	1.000	1.979
0.492	1.513	3.143
0.497	1.999	4.032
0.497	0.990	2.210
0.500	2.494	5.057
0.998	1.999	4.451
1.000	2.494	5.362
1.000	0.250	1.464
1.000	0.400	1.635
1.000	0.549	1.864
1.000	0.699	2.210
1.009	1.513	3.556
1.095	0.990	2.733
1.988	1.513	4.331
1.998	1.999	5.178
2.000	0.499	2.674
2.005	0.990	3.438
2.006	2.494	6.101
2.982	0.499	3.438
2.983	2.494	6.850
2.990	1.999	5.977
2.999	1.513	5.118
3.006	0.990	4.271
3.971	1.513	5.853
3.982	2.494	7.609
3.995	0.990	4.996
4.000	1.999	6.724
4.017	0.499	4.271
4.905	2.531	8.250
5.103	0.596	5.178
5.103	0.989	5.792
5.103	1.495	6.599
5.103	1.992	7.418
5.845	1.512	7.228
5.845	1.992	7.993
5.845	2.523	8.898
5.968	0.251	5.423
6.948	1.000	7.292
6.966	0.500	6.537
6.966	0.752	6.913
6.966	1.002	7.292
6.966	1.252	7.673
6.966	1.501	8.057
7.180	2.048	9.094
7.180	2.633	10.085
7.217	0.262	6.412
7.952	0.251	6.913
8.036	0.613	7.482
8.036	1.070	8.186
8.036	1.526	8.833
8.036	2.127	9.752
8.036	2.655	10.553
8.826	0.251	7.609
8.826	0.615	8.121
8.826	1.001	8.638
8.826	1.519	9.357
8.826	2.023	10.151
9.399	2.496	11.297

Osmotic stress data

Mono and disaccharides

Fructose

Galactose

Glucose

Sorbitol

Sucrose

Trehalose

Trehalose osmotic pressure and its temperature dependance

Organic solutes

Choline chloride

Glycerol

Glycine Betaine

TMAO

Urea

Polymers

Others

PVP 10K

PVP Osmotic pressure data, (dynes/cm2) for PVP polymer solution (MW 10000).

PVA 20K

Polyethylene glycols

PEG300

PEG400

PEG400 osmotic pressure and its temperature dependance

PEG400 Osmotic pressure data (dyn/cm^2)

PEG600

PEG1000

PEG1500

PEG2000

PEG3000

PEG4000

PEG6000

PEG8000 vs T

PEG8000 Osmotic pressure data, (atm)

PEG 10k

PEG 20K

Me-PEG2000

Polysaccharides

Dextran 10K

Dextrans 275-2000K

Salts

Calcium Chloride

Sodium perchlorate

Ternary solutions

TMAO + PEG 20K

Urea + choline chloride (Reline)

Urea + choline chloride osmotic pressure at 2:1 mole ratio and other ratios

Urea + sodium perchlorate

PVP Osmotic pressure data, (dynes/cm²) for PVP polymer solution (MW 10000).