Compns. for use in ink jet printing onto a substrate comprise a water based dispersion including metallic nanoparticles and appropriate stabilizers. Also disclosed are methods for the prodn. of said compns. and methods for their use in ink jet printing onto suitable substrates. Thus, an ink comprised 99.75% nanoparticle dispersion comprising 0.18% silver nanoparticle and 0.2% CM-cellulose sodium salt and 0.25% BYK 154 wetting agent. [on SciFinder(R)]
In the following pages, I wish to present some preliminary reflections and some relevant documentation, upon attempting to understand the grammatical phenomenology of cohesion or linkage. This, I believe, is of the most fascinating, perhaps the most fascinating topic of syntax, for here is something close to the very quintessence of textuality — hence, of grammaticality itself, bearing in mind Louis Hjelmslev’s opening words in his Prolegomena: “The object of interest for linguistic science are texts” (not “languages” or “a language” — which is only a seeming paradox). My corpus for the following observations is triple: some of Kate Roberts’s short stories, and two novels (I am engaged in work on a comprehensive syntax of the corpus of K.R.’s fiction, on the basis of her editions and MSS, for which a pilot work, incorporating three monographic studies, appeared in 1998. The present paper may be seen as a cluster of preliminary work-notes to a chapter on juncture and textuality within this projected work. A second source is John Emyr’s collection of short stories, Mynydd Gwaith a storiau eraill (Denbych, 1984). A third source are some numbers of the defunct weekly magazine Y Faner.
Local festivals are increasingly being used as instruments for promoting tourism and boosting the regional economy. This is often reflected in the level of public assistance made available to them. However, it is difficult to assess the extent of the contribution of the festival to local economic growth, and most studies do not examine this issue beyond standard multiplier impacts. This study looks at two local festivals that take place annually in northern Israel. On the basis of detailed data on public assistance and visitor expenditure patterns, it goes beyond the basic impact analysis framework. A method is presented that accounts for net local income increase induced by the festival. The results show modest but positive local growth, suggesting some justification for public assistance for local festivals as a tourism strategy. Policy implications related to increasing the volume of visitors and their spending are discussed.
Emerin and MAN1 are LEM domain-containing integral membrane proteins of the vertebrate nuclear envelope. The function of MAN1 is unknown, whereas emerin is known to interact with nuclear lamins, barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), nesprin-1 alpha, and a transcription repressor. Mutations in emerin cause X-linked recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Emerin and MAN1 homologs are both conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans, but loss of Ce-emerin has no detectable phenotype. We therefore used C. elegans to test the hypothesis that Ce-MAN1 overlaps functionally with Ce-emerin. Supporting this model, Ce-MAN1 interacted directly with Ce-lamin and Ce-BAF in vitro and required Ce-lamin for its nuclear envelope localization. Interestingly, RNA interference-mediated removal of approximately 90% of Ce-MAN1 was lethal to approximately 15% of embryos. However, in the absence of Ce-emerin, approximately 90% reduction of Ce-MAN1 was lethal to all embryos by the 100-cell stage, with a phenotype involving repeated cycles of anaphase chromosome bridging and cytokinesis ["cell untimely torn" (cut) phenotype]. Immunostaining showed that the anaphase-bridged chromatin specifically retained a mitosis-specific phosphohistone H3 epitope and failed to recruit detectable Ce-lamin or Ce-BAF. These findings show that LEM domain proteins are essential for cell division and that Ce-emerin and Ce-MAN1 share at least one and possibly multiple overlapping functions, which may be relevant to Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.
The local injection and lateral propagation of charge in ultrathin polyaniline (PAN) layers were studied with the scanning electrochem. microscope (SECM). Monolayers of PAN were deposited on a glass substrate using the LB method and were chem. reduced using Na dithionite. A microelectrode held close to the PAN layer was used to generate a flux of an oxidant, i.e., Fe(phen)33+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) which diffused to the surface and locally oxidized the reduced PAN. By simulating the current-time transients, the kinetics of lateral charge propagation were evaluated. [on SciFinder(R)]
Oil-in-water microemulsions which contain a hydrophobic colorant were evaluated as water based ink-jet inks. These microemulsion based ink-jet inks are thermodynamically stable, have the features of dye based inks prior to printing, and the features of pigment based inks after printing. The microemulsion was prepd. and printed, as described recently by Magdassi et al. using the gemini-type surfactant, didodecyldiphenylether disulfonate, toluene, 1-propanol, water as the continuous phase and Nile Red or Sudan IV as the hydrophobic dye. Microemulsion av. droplet size was measured by dynamic light scattering and found to be ∼8 nm. The authors found by AFM imaging that the printed 20 - 60 μm droplets are composed of nanoparticles with av. size of 130 nm. The printing process was evaluated by a fluorescence microscope, while images of the droplets were viewed as a function of time after impact with the substrate. It was found that the microemulsion droplets formed distorted spheres on ink-jet paper, more perfectly shaped spheres on Forbo paper substrate and perfect round spheres on vinyl slides. When printed on glass, a "bagel like" shape was obtained. The droplet size varied, depending on the surface energy of the substrate, being at least 20 μm for low energy surfaces and growing larger for higher energy substrates. It was noticed that the time scales for spreading on paper was less than tens of milliseconds accompanied and followed by fixation and drying of the droplets in less than 3 - 5 s. [on SciFinder(R)]
Oil in water microemulsions were prepd. using didodecyldiphenylether disulfonate gemini-type surfactant (C12-DADS), water, oil (toluene) and a co-solvent (short chain alc. such as 1-propanol). The phase diagrams for microemulsions with gemini surfactants were detd. and compared to those of structurally related surfactants, monododecyldiphenylether disulfonate (C12-MADS) and monododecyldiphenylether monosulfonate (C12-MAMS). Cond. measurements and direct imaging by cryo-TEM were performed to characterize the phases. [on SciFinder(R)]
Fragile sites are specific loci that form gaps, constrictions, and breaks on chromosomes exposed to partial replication stress and are rearranged in tumors. Fragile sites are classified as rare or common, depending on their induction and frequency within the population. The molecular basis of rare fragile sites is associated with expanded repeats capable of adopting unusual non-B DNA structures that can perturb DNA replication. The molecular basis of common fragile sites was unknown. Fragile sites from R-bands are enriched in flexible sequences relative to nonfragile regions from the same chromosomal bands. Here we cloned FRA7E, a common fragile site mapped to a G-band, and revealed a significant difference between its flexibility and that of nonfragile regions mapped to G-bands, similar to the pattern found in R-bands. Thus, in the entire genome, flexible sequences might play a role in the mechanism of fragility. The flexible sequences are composed of interrupted runs of AT-dinucleotides, which have the potential to form secondary structures and hence can affect replication. These sequences show similarity to the AT-rich minisatellite repeats that underlie the fragility of the rare fragile sites FRA16B and FRA10B. We further demonstrate that the normal alleles of FRA16B and FRA10B span the same genomic regions as the common fragile sites FRA16C and FRA10E. Our results suggest that a shared molecular basis, conferred by sequences with a potential to form secondary structures that can perturb replication, may underlie the fragility of rare fragile sites harboring AT-rich minisatellite repeats and aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites.
Monitoring gene expression in vivo, noninvasively, is a critical issue in effective gene therapy systems. To date, there are no adequate molecular imaging techniques, which quantitatively monitor gene expression in vivo in skeletal development and repair. The aim of this study was to monitor gene expression in skeletal development and repair, using a real-time molecular imaging system, which quantitatively and noninvasively detects bioluminescence in vivo. Our experimental model consisted of transgenic mice harboring the luciferase marker gene under the regulation of the human osteocalcin (hOC) promoter. A new light detection cooled charge coupled device (CCCD) camera was applied to monitor luciferase expression. In vitro, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow of transgenic mice exhibited hOC promoter regulation, detected by luciferase expression that correlated with their osteogenic differentiation. During development from 1 week to 1.5 years, transgenic mice exhibited transgene expression in a wide spectrum of skeletal organs, including calvaria, vertebra, tail, and limbs, reaching a peak at 1 week in most of the skeletal organs. In two skeletal repair models, bone fracture and marrow ablation, the noninvasive CCCD system revealed a peak of luciferase expression at 6 days postsurgery. All quantitative, noninvasive, real-time CCCD measurements correlated with a luciferase biochemical assay and luciferase immunohistochemistry, which demonstrated luciferase expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes and trabecular osteoblasts. Our studies show for the first time (1) the CCCD detection system is a reliable quantitative gene detection tool for the skeleton in vivo, (2) expression of luciferase regulated by the hOC promoter is significantly decreased with age in most skeletal sites, and (3) the dynamics of hOC regulation during mice skeletal development and repair in real time, quantitatively and noninvasively.
