Abstract Projections of extreme precipitation based on modern climate models suffer from large uncertainties. Specifically, unresolved physics and natural variability limit the ability of climate models to provide actionable information on impacts and risks at the regional, watershed and city scales relevant for practical applications. Here, we show that the interaction of precipitating systems with local features can constrain the statistical description of extreme precipitation. These observational constraints can be used to project local extremes of low yearly exceedance probability (e.g., 100-year events) using synoptic-scale information from climate models, which is generally represented more accurately than the local scales, and without requiring climate models to explicitly resolve extremes. The novel approach, demonstrated here over the south-eastern Mediterranean, offers a path for improving the predictability of local statistics of extremes in a changing climate, independent of pending improvements in climate models at regional and local scales.
The trihydrogen ion has a central role in creating complex molecules in the interstellar medium. Therefore, its formation and destruction mechanisms in high photon energy environments involving organic molecules are drawing significant experimental and theoretical attention. Here, we employ a combination of time-resolved ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pump and near-infrared probe spectroscopy applied to the deuterated CH3OD methanol molecule. Similar to other double-ionization studies, the isotopic labeling reveals two competing pathways for forming trihydrogen: A) H+3 + COH+ and B) H+3 + HCO+. We validate our high-level ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamic simulations by showing that it closely reproduces the essential features of the measured kinetic energy release distribution and branching ratios of the two pathways of the deuterated system. The success of ab initio simulation in describing single photon double-ionization allows for an unprecedented peek into the formation pathways for the undeuterated species, beyond present experimental reach. For this case, we find that the kinetic energy release of pathway B shifts to lower energies by more than 0.6 eV due to a dynamical isotope effect. We also determine the mechanism for trihydrogen formation from excited states of the dication and elucidate the isotope effect’s role in the observed dynamics.
The collaborative effort of theory-driven content analysis can benefit significantly from the use of topic analysis methods, which allow researchers to add more categories while developing or testing a theory. This additive approach enables the reuse of previous efforts of analysis or even the merging of separate research projects, thereby making these methods more accessible and increasing the discipline’s ability to create and share content analysis capabilities. This paper proposes a weakly supervised topic analysis method that uses both a low-cost unsupervised method to compile a training set and supervised deep learning as an additive and accurate text classification method. We test the validity of the method, specifically its additivity, by comparing the results of the method after adding 200 categories to an initial number of 450. We show that the suggested method provides a foundation for a low-cost solution for large-scale topic analysis.
S.V. Faraone, T. Banaschewski, D. Coghill, Y. Zheng, J. Biederman, M.A. Bellgrove, J.H. Newcorn, M. Gignac, N.M. Al Saud, I. Manor, L.A. Rohde, L. Yang, S. Cortese, D. Almagor, M.A. Stein, T.H. Albatti, H.F. Aljoudi, M.M.J. Alqahtani, P. Asherson, L. Atwoli, B. Bölte, J.K. Buitelaar, C.L. Crunelle, D. Daley, S. Dalsgaard, M. Döpfner, S. Espinet, M. Fitzgerald, B. Franke, M. Gerlach, J. Haavik, C.A. Hartman, C.M. Hartung, S.P. Hinshaw, P.J. Hoekstra, C. Hollis, S.H. Kollins, J.J.S. Kooij, J. Kuntsi, H. Larsson, T. Li, J. Liu, E. Merzon, G. Mattingly, P. Mattos, S. McCarthy, A.Y. Mikami, B.S.G. Molina, J.T. Nigg, D. Purper-Ouakil, O.O. Omigbodun, G.V. Polańczyk, Y. Pollak, A.S. Poulton, R.P. Rajkumar, A. Reding, A. Reif, K. Rubia, J. Rucklidge, M. Romanos, J.A. Ramos-Quiroga, A. Schellekens, A. Scheres, R. Schoeman, J.B. Schweitzer, H. Shah, M.V. Solanto, E. Sonuga-Barke, C. Soutullo, H.C. Steinhausen, J.M. Swanson, A. Thapar, G. Tripp, G. van de Glind, W. van den Brink, S. van der Oord, A. Venter, B. Vitiello, S. Walitza, and Y. Wang. 2021. “The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based Conclusions about the Disorder.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, Pp. 789-818. Publisher's Version
From stem cell freeze-drying to organ storage, considerable recent efforts have been directed toward the development of new preservation technologies. A prominent protein stabilizing strategy involves vitrification in glassy matrices, most notably those formed of sugars such as the biologically relevant preservative trehalose. Here, we compare the folding thermodynamics of a model miniprotein in solution and in the glassy state of the sugars trehalose and glucose. Using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD), we find that the same native structure persists in solution and glass. However, upon transition to the glass, a completely different, conformationally restricted unfolded state replaces the disordered denatured state found in solution, potentially inhibiting misfolding. Concomitantly, a large exothermic contribution is observed in glass, exposing the stabilizing effect of interactions with the sugar matrix on the native state. Our results shed light on the mechanism of protein stabilization in sugar glass and should aid in future preservation technologies.
We demonstrate an approach that allows taking videos at very high frame-rates of over 100,000 frames per second by exploiting the fast sampling rate of the standard rolling-shutter readout mechanism, common to most conventional sensors, and a compressive-sampling acquisition scheme. Our approach is directly applied to a conventional imaging system by the simple addition of a diffuser to the pupil plane that randomly encodes the entire field-of-view to each camera row, while maintaining diffraction-limited resolution. A short video is reconstructed from a single camera frame via a compressed-sensing reconstruction algorithm, exploiting the inherent sparsity of the imaged scene.
Since the 1990s, the Chinese party-state has attempted to teach its youth how to think and speak about the nation through a “patriotic education” campaign waged in schools, the media and on public sites. The reception of these messages by youth of different social backgrounds remains a disputed issue, however. Drawing on a multi-sited field study conducted among rural and urban Han Chinese youth attending different types of schools, this article explores the effects of the patriotic education campaign on youth conceptions of the nation by examining the rhetoric high-school students employ when asked to reflect upon their nation. The study reveals that a majority of youth statements conform to the language and contents of the patriotic education campaign; however, there are significant differences in the discursive stances of urban youth and rural youth and of those attending academic and non-academic, vocational schools. These findings call into question the party-state's current vision of China as a “unified” national collectivity. They highlight the existence of variances in the sense of collective belonging and national identity of Chinese youth, while underscoring the importance of social positioning and perceived life chances in producing these variances.
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are regions susceptible to replication stress and are hotspots for chromosomal instability in cancer. Several features were suggested to underlie CFS instability, however, these features are prevalent across the genome. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying CFS instability remain unclear. Here, we explore the transcriptional profile and DNA replication timing (RT) under mild replication stress in the context of the 3D genome organization. The results reveal a fragility signature, comprised of a TAD boundary overlapping a highly transcribed large gene with APH-induced RT-delay. This signature enables precise mapping of core fragility regions in known CFSs and identification of novel fragile sites. CFS stability may be compromised by incomplete DNA replication and repair in TAD boundaries core fragility regions leading to genomic instability. The identified fragility signature will allow for a more comprehensive mapping of CFSs and pave the way for investigating mechanisms promoting genomic instability in cancer.
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) based thermochromic smart window is considered as the most promising approach for economizing building energy consumption. However, the high phase transition temperature (τc), low luminous transmission (Tlum), and solar modulation (ΔTsol) impose an invertible challenge for commercialization. Currently, smart window research surprisingly assumes that the sunlight radiates in one direction which is obviously not valid as most regions receive solar radiation at various angles in different seasons. For the first time, solar elevation angle is considered and 3D printing technology is employed to fabricate tilted microstructures for modulating solar transmission dynamically. To maximize energy-saving performance, the architecture of the structures (tilt, thickness, spacing, and width) and tungsten (W) doped VO2 can be custom-designed according to the solar elevation angle variation at the midday between seasons and tackle the issue of compromised Tlum and ΔTsol with W-doping. The energy consumption simulations in different cities prove the efficiency of such dynamic modulation. This first attempt to adaptively regulate the solar modulation by considering the solar elevation angle together with one of the best reported thermochromic properties (τc = 40 °C, Tlum(average) = 40.8%, ΔTsol = 23.3%) may open a new era of real-world-scenario smart window research.
